contrary. In the fourth century, Arians proposed that God, Christ, and the Spirit could be named (among other things) “Creator,” “product,” and “product of product.” Arguably, this proposal did an excellent job of translating the gospel into terms comprehensible to late antiquity, which was accustomed to thinking about plural deities of descending rank. Nevertheless, the bishops who gathered at the Councils of Nicaea and Constantinople rejected the Arian “translation” on the grounds that it fatally